The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) is pleased to present the AAAI 2023 Spring Symposia, to be held at the Hyatt Regency, San Francisco Airport, California, March 27-29. According to the organizers, Stanford University cannot act as host this time because of insufficient staff. Symposia of particular interest from a philosophical point of view are „AI Climate Tipping-Point Discovery“, „AI Trustworthiness Assessment“, „Computational Approaches to Scientific Discovery“, „Evaluation and Design of Generalist Systems (EDGeS): Challenges and methods for assessing the new generation of AI“, and „Socially Responsible AI for Well-being“. According to AAAI, symposia generally range from 40–75 participants each. „Participation will be open to active participants as well as other interested individuals on a first-come, first-served basis.“ (Website AAAI) Over the past decade, the conference has become one of the most important venues in the world for discussions on robot ethics, machine ethics, and AI ethics. It will be held again at History Corner from 2024. Further information via www.aaai.org/Symposia/Spring/sss23.php.
The AAAI 2022 Spring Symposium „How Fair is Fair? Achieving Wellbeing AI“ was held March 21-23, 2022 at Stanford University. In the Best Presentation Awards, Oliver Bendel and Liliana Alves took 3rd place („Should Social Robots in Retail Manipulate“), and Martin Spathelf and Oliver Bendel took 2nd place („The SPACE THEA Project“). In 1st place was Hiroaki Hamada („AI agents for facilitating social interactions and wellbeing“). Oliver Bendel had won first place at the AAAI 2019 Spring Symposium „Interpretable AI for Well-Being: Understanding Cognitive Bias and Social Embeddedness“ with his paper „Are Robot Tax, Basic Income or Basic Property Solutions to the Social Problems of Automation?“, along with two other researchers and their teams. Both symposia – from 2019 and from 2022 – were hosted by Takashi Kido and Keiki Takadama from Japan. They are among the pioneers in the field of Responsible AI.
Fig.: Place 2 and 3 for Oliver Bendel and his teams
The paper „Should Social Robots in Retail Manipulate Customers?“ by Oliver Bendel and Liliana Margarida Dos Santos Alves was accepted at the AAAI 2022 Spring Symposia (Stanford University). The two authors will present it at the end of March 2022 at the symposium „How Fair is Fair? Achieving Wellbeing AI“. From the abstract: „Against the backdrop of structural changes in the retail trade, social robots have found their way into retail stores and shopping malls in order to attract, welcome, and greet customers; to inform them, advise them, and persuade them to make a purchase. Salespeople often have a broad knowledge of their product and rely on offering competent and honest advice, whether it be on shoes, clothing, or kitchen appliances. However, some frequently use sales tricks to secure purchases. The question arises of how consulting and sales robots should ‚behave‘. Should they behave like human advisors and salespeople, i.e., occasionally manipulate customers? Or should they be more honest and reliable than us? This article tries to answer these questions. After explaining the basics, it evaluates a study in this context and gives recommendations for companies that want to use consulting and sales robots. Ultimately, fair, honest, and trustworthy robots in retail are a win-win situation for all concerned.“ More information about the AAAI 2022 Spring Symposia is available here.
The paper „The SPACE THEA Project“ by Martin Spathelf and Oliver Bendel was accepted at the AAAI 2022 Spring Symposia (Stanford University). The two authors will present it at the end of March 2022 at the symposium „How Fair is Fair? Achieving Wellbeing AI“. From the abstract: „In some situations, no professional human contact can be available. Accordingly, one remains alone with one’s problems and fears. A manned Mars flight is certainly such a situation. A voice assistant that shows empathy and assists the astronauts could be a solution. In the SPACE THEA project, a prototype with such capabilities was developed using Google Assistant and Dialogflow Essentials. The voice assistant has a personality based on characteristics such as functional intelligence, sincerity, creativity, and emotional intelligence. It proves itself in seven different scenarios designed to represent the daily lives of astronauts, addressing operational crises and human problems. The paper describes the seven scenarios in detail, and lists technical and conceptual foundations of the voice assistant. Finally, the most important results are stated and the chapters are summarized.“ More information about the AAAI 2022 Spring Symposia is available here.
The AAAI Spring Symposia at Stanford University are among the AI community’s most important get-togethers, especially for its experimental division. The years 2016, 2017, and 2018 were memorable highlights for machine ethics, robot ethics, ethics by design, and AI ethics, with the symposia „Ethical and Moral Considerations in Non-Human Agents“ (2016), „Artificial Intelligence for the Social Good“ (2017), and „AI and Society: Ethics, Safety and Trustworthiness in Intelligent Agents“ (2018) … As of 2019, the proceedings are no longer provided directly by the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, but by the organizers of each symposium. Since summer 2021, the entire conference volume of 2018 is available free of charge. It includes contributions by Philip C. Jackson, Mark R. Waser, Barry M. Horowitz, John Licato, Stefania Costantini, Biplav Srivastava, and Oliver Bendel, among many others. It can be found via aaai.org/proceeding/01-spring-2018/.
Fig.: Animal-friendly robot cars were a topic in 2016
Semi-autonomous machines, autonomous machines and robots inhabit closed, semi-closed and open environments, more structured environments like the household or more unstructured environments like cultural landscapes or the wilderness. There they encounter domestic animals, farm animals, working animals, and wild animals. These creatures could be disturbed, displaced, injured, or killed by the machines. Within the context of machine ethics and social robotics, the School of Business FHNW developed several design studies and prototypes for animal-friendly machines, which can be understood as moral and social machines in the spirit of these disciplines. In 2019-20, a team led by Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel developed a prototype robot lawnmower that can recognize hedgehogs, interrupt its work for them and thus protect them. Every year many of these animals die worldwide because of traditional service robots. HAPPY HEDGEHOG (HHH), as the invention is called, could be a solution to this problem. This article begins by providing an introduction to the background. Then it focuses on navigation (where the machine comes across certain objects that need to be recognized) and thermal and image recognition (with the help of machine learning) of the machine. It also presents obvious weaknesses and possible improvements. The results could be relevant for an industry that wants to market their products as animal-friendly machines. The paper „The HAPPY HEDGEHOG Project“ is available here.
The symposium „Applied AI in Healthcare: Safety, Community, and the Environment“ will be held within the AAAI Spring Symposia on March 22-23, 2021. One of the presentations is titled „Care Robots with Sexual Assistance Functions“. Author of the paper is Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel. From the abstract: „Residents in retirement and nursing homes have sexual needs just like other people. However, the semi-public situation makes it difficult for them to satisfy these existential concerns. In addition, they may not be able to meet a suitable partner or find it difficult to have a relationship for mental or physical reasons. People who live or are cared for at home can also be affected by this problem. Perhaps they can host someone more easily and discreetly than the residents of a health facility, but some elderly and disabled people may be restricted in some ways. This article examines the opportunities and risks that arise with regard to care robots with sexual assistance functions. First of all, it deals with sexual well-being. Then it presents robotic systems ranging from sex robots to care robots. Finally, the focus is on care robots, with the author exploring technical and design issues. A brief ethical discussion completes the article. The result is that care robots with sexual assistance functions could be an enrichment of the everyday life of people in need of care, but that we also have to consider some technical, design and moral aspects.“ More information about the AAAI Spring Symposia is available at aaai.org/Symposia/Spring/sss21.php.
After several postponements, the symposium „Applied AI in Healthcare: Safety, Community, and the Environment“ will be held within the AAAI Spring Symposia on March 22-23, 2021. One of the presentations is titled „Co-Robots as Care Robots“ (co-robots are also called cobots). The authors of the paper are Oliver Bendel, Alina Gasser, and Joel Siebenmann. From the abstract: „Cooperation and collaboration robots, co-robots or cobots for short, are an integral part of factories. For example, they work closely with the fitters in the automotive sector, and everyone does what they do best. However, the novel robots are not only relevant in production and logistics, but also in the service sector, especially where proximity between them and the users is desired or unavoidable. For decades, individual solutions of a very different kind have been developed in care. Now experts are increasingly relying on co-robots and teaching them the special tasks that are involved in care or therapy. This article presents the advantages, but also the disadvantages of co-robots in care and support, and provides information with regard to human-robot interaction and communication. The article is based on a model that has already been tested in various nursing and retirement homes, namely Lio from F&P Robotics, and uses results from accompanying studies. The authors can show that co-robots are ideal for care and support in many ways. Of course, it is also important to consider a few points in order to guarantee functionality and acceptance.“ More information about the AAAI Spring Symposia is available at aaai.org/Symposia/Spring/sss21.php.
Angsa Robotics hat einen Prototyp entwickelt, der zur Reinigung von Rasenflächen dient. Auf der Website heißt es: „Durch die Nutzung von GPS Tracking und Computer Vision erkennt der Roboter seinen definierten Bereich. Zusätzlich kommen diverse Sensoren zum Einsatz, durch die Kollisionen frühzeitig vermieden werden. Anhand dieser Daten wird die Ermittlung des effizientesten Weges und souveränes Ausweichen vor Hindernissen ermöglicht.“ (Website Angsa Robotics) Und weiter: „Das von Angsa entwickelte künstliche neuronale Netz, welches im Roboter verbaut ist, ermöglicht die zuverlässige Erkennung von kleinen und teilweise verdeckten Objekten. Trainiert wird das neuronale Netz mithilfe eines eigenenDatensatzes von realen Müll-Bildern. Dadurch ist es dem Roboter möglich, Müllobjekte von anderen Objekten wie Blättern, Schmutz oder Insekten zu unterscheiden. Die gezielte Entfernung garantiert, [dass] keine Schäden an Oberflächen oder Insekten entstehen.“ (Website Angsa Robotics) Damit tritt der Roboter in die Fußstapfen von LADYBIRD. Dieser wurde 2014 im Kontext der Maschinenethik konzipiert und 2017 als Prototyp implementiert. Sobald der Saugroboter vor sich einen Marienkäfer erkennt, unterbricht er, so die Idee, seine Arbeit und informiert den Benutzer. Das Paper „LADYBIRD: the Animal-Friendly Robot Vacuum Cleaner“ wurde bei den AAAI Spring Symposia 2017 von Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel an der Stanford University präsentiert. Es ist auch als PDF erhältlich. In deutscher Sprache wird das Projekt im „Handbuch Maschinenethik“ beschrieben. Ein Nachfolgeprojekt ist HAPPY HEDGEHOG, ein igelfreundlicher Mähroboter, als Prototyp 2019 entstanden. Er wird im März 2021 bei den AAAI Spring Symposia vorgestellt.
The paper „Co-Robots as Care Robots“ by Oliver Bendel, Alina Gasser and Joel Siebenmann, accepted at the AAAI 2020 Spring Symposium „Applied AI in Healthcare: Safety, Community, and the Environment“, can be accessed via arxiv.org/abs/2004.04374. From the abstract: „Cooperation and collaboration robots, co-robots or cobots for short, are an integral part of factories. For example, they work closely with the fitters in the automotive sector, and everyone does what they do best. However, the novel robots are not only relevant in production and logistics, but also in the service sector, especially where proximity between them and the users is desired or unavoidable. For decades, individual solutions of a very different kind have been developed in care. Now experts are increasingly relying on co-robots and teaching them the special tasks that are involved in care or therapy. This article presents the advantages, but also the disadvantages of co-robots in care and support, and provides information with regard to human-robot interaction and communication. The article is based on a model that has already been tested in various nursing and retirement homes, namely Lio from F&P Robotics, and uses results from accompanying studies. The authors can show that co-robots are ideal for care and support in many ways. Of course, it is also important to consider a few points in order to guarantee functionality and acceptance.“ Due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the physical meeting to be held at Stanford University was postponed. It will take place in November 2020 in Washington (AAAI 2020 Fall Symposium Series).
The paper „Care Robots with Sexual Assistance Functions“ by Oliver Bendel was accepted at the AAAI 2020 Spring Symposia. From the abstract: „Residents in retirement and nursing homes have sexual needs just like other people. However, the semi-public situation makes it difficult for them to satisfy these existential concerns. In addition, they may not be able to meet a suitable partner or find it difficult to have a relationship for mental or physical reasons. People who live or are cared for at home can also be affected by this problem. Perhaps they can host someone more easily and discreetly than the residents of a health facility, but some elderly and disabled people may be restricted in some ways. This article examines the opportunities and risks that arise with regard to care robots with sexual assistance functions. First of all, it deals with sexual well-being. Then it presents robotic systems ranging from sex robots to care robots. Finally, the focus is on care robots, with the author exploring technical and design issues. A brief ethical discussion completes the article. The result is that care robots with sexual assistance functions could be an enrichment of the everyday life of people in need of care, but that we also have to consider some technical, design and moral aspects.“ The paper had been submitted to the symposium „Applied AI in Healthcare: Safety, Community, and the Environment“. Oliver Bendel will present the paper at Stanford University between 23 and 25 March 2020.
Fig.: Should care robots have sexual assistance functions?
Die Technical Reports des Symposiums „AI for Social Good“ sind erschienen. Dieses fand innerhalb der AAAI Spring Symposia (27. bis 29. März 2017) an der Stanford University statt. Organisiert wurde es von Amulya Yadav (University of Southern California, CA, USA) und Fei Fang (Harvard University). Die veröffentlichten Papers zeigen das enorme Spektrum der Veranstaltung auf. Oliver Bendel ist mit „LADYBIRD: The Animal-Friendly Robot Vacuum Cleaner“ sowie „Towards Kant Machines“ (zusammen mit Kevin Schwegler und Bradley Richards) vertreten, Malay Bhattacharyya mit „In Search of Health Doubles“, Sujoy Chatterjee (mit Anirban Mukhopadhyay und Malay Bhattacharyya) mit „Smart City Planning with Constrained Crowd Judgment Analysis“, Arnaud Delaunay (zusammen mit Jean Guérin) mit „Wandering Detection Within an Embedded System for Alzheimer Suffering Patients“ und Virginia Dignum (zusammen mit Frank Dignum) mit „Societal Challenges Need Social Agents“. Virginia Dignum konnte während des Symposiums die frohe Botschaft überbringen, dass die andere große Wissenschaftsvereinigung auf technischem Gebiet, das Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), sich in seinen Leitlinien „Ethically Aligned Design“ zu Robotik und KI zukünftig nicht nur den Menschen, sondern auch den Tieren widmen wird. Dies hatte Oliver Bendel in einer Stellungnahme gegenüber den Verantwortlichen vorgeschlagen. Die Technical Reports des Symposiums sind über aaai.org/proceeding/01-spring-2017/ verfügbar.
Weiter ging es mit dem AAAI Spring Symposium „AI for Social Good“ am 27. März 2017 um 14.00 Uhr mit der Talk Session 1 („Healtcare“). Den Session Chair hatte Eric Horvitz (Technical Fellow & Managing Director, Microsoft Research) inne. Er führte aus technisch-mathematischer Perspektive in die Thematik ein. Lanbo She (Michigan State University) begann mit „Teaching and Checking of Constraints for Surgical Tray Layout“. Er schlug einen Agenten vor, der beim korrekten Zusammenstellen der Operationsinstrumente für unterschiedliche Situationen hilft. Co-Autor des Papers war Jonathan Connell (IBM T. J. Watson Research). Sujoy Chatterjee referierte anstelle von Malay Bhattacharya (Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata) über „In Search of Health Doubles“. Nach ihrem Ansatz sollte man weltweit Personen identifizieren können, die in ihren biologischen Eigenschaften zu anderen Personen passen, denen damit geholfen werden kann. Arnaud Delaunay (LinkValue) ging in „Wandering Detection Within an Embedded System for Alzheimer Suffering Patients“ auf einen innovativen Ansatz für Alzheimer-Patienten ein, die mit einer Smartwatch ausgestattet und überwacht werden. Co-Autor des Papers war Jean Guerin. Der Vortrag von Yevgeniy Vorobeychik (Vanderbilt University) – das Paper wurde zusammen mit Bo Li, Muqun Li und Bradley Malin geschrieben – trug den Titel „Sanitizing Large-Scale Medical Records Before Publishing“ und stellte eine iterative Methode für „sanitizing data at scale“ vor.
Vom 21. bis zum 23. März 2016 findet an der Stanford University der Workshop „Ethical and Moral Considerations in Non-Human Agents“ statt, im Rahmen der AAAI Spring Symposia. Keynote-Speaker sind Ron Arkin (Georgia Institute of Technology), Maja Matarić (University of Southern California) und Luis Moriz Pereira (Universidade Nova de Lisboa). Organisiert wird der Workshop von Bipin Indurkhya (Jagiellonian University, Krakau) und Georgi Stojanov (The American University of Paris). Im Programmkomitee sitzen u.a. Peter Asaro (The New School, New York) und Patrick Lin (California Polytechnic State University). Einen der wissenschaftlichen Vorträge wird Oliver Bendel (Hochschule für Wirtschaft FHNW, Basel, Olten und Brugg-Windisch) halten. Aus dem Abstract von „Annotated Decision Trees for Simple Moral Machines„: „This article proposes an approach for creating annotated decision trees, and specifies their central components. The focus is on simple moral machines. The chances of such models are illustrated with the example of a self-driving car that is friendly to humans and animals. Finally the advantages and disadvantages are discussed and conclusions are drawn.“ Weitere Informationen über sites.google.com/site/ethicalnonhumanagents/.
